By Duncan Lindsey
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Additional resources for The Welfare of Children
Example text
In addition, many of the children had experienced multiple placements. "15 Here again were the orphans of the living decried in the Maas and Engler study. Fanshel and others began to ask why, in the absence of contact with their parents, were children being kept in foster care. Foster care was not a treatment modality. Rather, it was viewed as the least restrictive form of out-of-home care, intended only for a temporary period. The practice of placing-out children had been seen by Brace and his contemporaries as a "permanent solution," even though the Children's Aid Society retained custody of the placed children.
Current foster care, on the other hand, was different. Since the 1950s, central to the definition of foster care was the assumption that the child should be reunited with its family as soon as the parent could solve the problems that led to placement (see Goldstein, Freud and Solnit, 1973). In 1972 and 1975, Shirley Jenkins and Elaine Norman conducted a collateral study on the same sample of children examined by Fanshel. Jenkins 15. In a review of the foster care system in New York City by the National Black Child Development Institute it was found that 55 percent of the children who entered care in 1986 were still there four and a half years later.
The critical requirement of an evaluation study is the inclusion of a control group (Metcalf and Thornton, 1992). Those studies that did not include a control group were thus excluded from Fischer's review, leaving only eleven studies. Six of the eleven dealt with children as clients and three with low income multiproblem families. According to Fischer, the overall outcome of these eleven scientifically acceptable research and evaluation studies was clear: "None of the studies revealed that their program had any significant effect on the clients when outcome measures for experimental and control groups were compared (p.