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Sample text
This variant does not have the ability to replicate itself autonomously, because the code that directs the copying procedure has been lost. It is, however, able to use the copying procedure of the intact algorithm and is, therefore, maintained in the population provided that there are enough 80-instruction self-replicators to supply it with the missing instructions. It is, in short, a parasite that is able to utilize the replication machinery encoded by the intact host. The parallel with Qf3 is astonishingly close: in both systems defective variants arising through slight modifications that cause the deletion of a large part of the genome parasitize the ancestral sequence by utilizing its replication machinery-a replicase in the one case, a copying procedure in the other.
They are themselves quite short, typically between 80 and 250 nucleotides in length, and, indeed, include the smallest and simplest self-replicators known: they resemble the defective viral genomes often found late in viral infections, being replicated by the replicase supplied by intact virus. These spontaneously evolving RNAs are very variable; as a general rule, every experiment yields a different result, and there is little similarity between the sequences that evolve in replicate experiments.
Individuals do not evolve; they develop, reproduce, and die. The characteristics of organisms, however, may change through time. A lineage may acquire the ability to live in fresh water rather than salt, to use ribulose rather than lactose as a carbon source, or to grow limbs rather than fins. These differences in character state are encoded by different variants of genes. The average state of a population will change through time when these variants change in frequency as a consequence of differing rates of replication, expressed through the different rates of reproduction of the individuals that bear them.