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1962). While Franken et al. (1961) showed that small quadratic terms in the optical polarizability of piezoelectric materials made possible the production of the optical second-harmonic when irradiated with intense red light from a ruby laser, these same terms would permit the mixing of light from two lasers at different frequencies. , 1962). The two frequencies were obtained from a ruby laser operating at liquid nitrogen temperature and a ruby laser operating at room temperature. In 1962 Kleinman described the possibility of observing two-photon absorption with the intense light from a ruby optical maser (laser).
To understand how short a 100-fs time interval is, it is necessary to realize that light will propagate only about 30 µm in this time interval; that is, less than the thickness of a human hair. 5 times the Earth’s circumference, which gives one an appreciation for the speed of light. Initial designs of Ti:sapphire lasers are based on Kerr lens mode locking to generate output pulses with widths in the fs range. Kerr lens effect is due to the electric 15 16 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF NONLINEAR OPTICAL MICROSCOPY AND SPECTROSCOPY field generated by a strongly focused Gaussian laser beam causing an inhomogeneous change in the refractive index of the Ti:sapphire crystal.
Com Warren R. edu xxxiii This page intentionally left blank Part I HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF NONLINEAR OPTICAL MICROSCOPY AND SPECTROSCOPY Barry R. Masters In the belief that the study of the history of science is both useful and beneficial to scientists, we include an extensive coverage on the historical development of nonlinear optical spectroscopy and microscopy. These themes are important for the understanding of the process of science, and they help one to gain insight into the education, influences, personality, and work of the scientists who made major contributions to the field.