By Campbell
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Sample text
However, in some organic molecules, a carbon atom shares two or three pairs of electrons with another bonded atom. If two electron pairs are shared, a double bond exists. For example, ethene has a carbon–carbon double bond. Each carbon atom in ethene forms two single bonds to hydrogen atoms and one double bond to the neighboring carbon atom. If two bonded atoms share three electron pairs, a triple bond exists. For example, each carbon atom in ethyne forms a single bond to a hydrogen atom, and the two carbon atoms share a triple bond.
Structural Formulas A molecular formula tells us the composition of a molecule. A structural formula shows the arrangement of atoms and bonds in a molecule. The structural formulas for methane, aminomethane, methanol, and chloromethane show all of the bonds connecting the constituent atoms. Structural formulas are often drawn in abbreviated or condensed versions to save time and space. Condensed structural formulas show only specific bonds; other bonds are implied, but not shown. The degree of condensation depends on which bonds are shown and which are only implied.
The Lewis structures of four simple organic compounds: methane, aminomethane, methanol, and chloromethane are shown below with both bonding and nonbonding electrons. 2 Valences of Common Elements1 Atom Valence Hydrogen 1 Fluorine 1 Bromine 1 Chlorine 1 Iodine 1 Oxygen 2 Sulfur 2 Nitrogen 3 Carbon 4 The valence is the usual number of bonds formed by the atom in neutral compounds. 1 H H H C H H H N C H H H H aminomethane H methane C H O H H H methanol C Cl H chloromethane The hydrogen atom and the halogen atoms form only one covalent bond to other atoms in stable neutral compounds.