By Norbert Kersting
Via Kersting, Norbert ( writer ) [{ digital balloting and Democracy: A Comparative research by way of Kersting, Norbert ( writer ) Mar - 02- 2005 ( Hardcover ) } ]
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Extra info for Electronic Voting and Democracy: A Comparative Analysis
Sample text
This may in part reflect the fact that the index of interactivity consists of more items than that of transparency, but it still gives an estimate of opportunities of citizens to communicate with the municipality and its decision-makers. The highest average scores on interactive services are in Austria, Greece and Denmark. The municipalities in Luxembourg, Spain, Finland, Belgium, France and the Netherlands offer the lowest levels of interactive services. Prospects for deliberative uses of ICTs The available empirical data do not tell us much about the extent of digital democracy in Western Europe.
1. Looking at the second point of access, work, Iceland takes the lead once more, followed by the rest of Scandinavia and Austria. Even in Ireland, Netherlands and the UK, many people use the Internet from work. Private cyber cafés are most common in Ireland, Norway, Spain, Iceland, Germany and Greece. 2 Source: Flash Eurobarometer 103 (2002). 1). It is interesting to see that in poorly connected countries, such as Spain and Greece, many people use the net via private cyber cafés. This may indicate that people are obliged to do so, since other means are not easily available.
London: Routledge. Holznagel, B. and Hanßmann, A. (2001) ‘Möglichkeiten von Wahlen und Bürgerbeteiligung per Internet’, in Holznagel, B. et al. Elektronische Demokratie. Bürgerbeteiligung per Internet zwischen Wissenschaft und Praxis. München: Beck: 55–72. IDEA (International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance) (2002) Voter Turnout from 1945 to 1997. A Global Report on Participation. Stockholm: IDEA. Jackman, R. (1987) ‘Political Institutions and Voter Turnout in the Industrial Democracies’, in American Political Science Review, 81, 2: 405–23.