By Spenta R. Wadia
This essential quantity incorporates a compendium of articles protecting an unlimited variety of issues in physics which have been began or inspired via the works of Albert Einstein: detailed relativity, quantum conception, statistical physics, condensed topic physics, common relativity, geometry, cosmology and unified box concept. An essay at the societal position of Einstein is integrated. those articles, written via many of the well known specialists, supply an insider's view of the fascinating global of basic technology.
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However, one finds that for various technical reasons it is not easy to respect these principles. In fact, the only way we can respect these principles is by formulating string theory not in the usual three-dimensional space but in a hypothetical nine-dimensional space. 5 Furthermore in this nine-dimensional space one can formulate altogether five different types of string theory — known as the Type I, Type IIA, Type IIB, E 8 x E 8 heterotic and SO(32) heterotic string theories. These five string theories differ from each other in the type of vibrations which the string performs.
There is a mathematical framework, known as gauge theory, that includes all these three features. I shall not describe the details of this framework here. It turns out that there are many different consistent gauge theories, one of which describes the theory of elementary particles. This particular theory is known as the standard model. Once the theory is written down, it predicts the outcome of every possible experiment involving elementary particles. ) For example, the standard model tells us precisely what kind of elementary particles we have in our world.
These are so weakly interacting that a neutrino passing through the earth does so experiencing almost no force. The pair of particles (/j~,v^) have properties similar to that of the pair (e~,ve) although the muon (/i~) is a lot heavier that the electron. Similarly the pair (T~,VT) have properties similar to that of (e~,ue), with the tau particle (r~) being even heavier than a muon. For each lepton we also have an anti-lepton which we have not listed here. For example, the antiparticle of the electron is called the positron and denoted by the symbol e+.