By Cooper, J.
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After studying the behavior of the red grouse of his native Scotland, Wynne-Edwards reported in his book Animal Dispersion In Relation to Social Behavior that the birds appeared to gauge the amount of food the moors could provide annually and rather than breeding haphazardly, adjusted their behavior so as to ensure that population size would never outstrip food supply. He concluded that animal populations that put the interest of the group above that of the individual would trump other more extravagant populations (Bloom 1997: 51; Nowak 2011: 84).
To function optimally, hunter-gatherer groups in the past were not very large in size. To recall the observations of Trivers, in order for reciprocal altruism to work, individuals had to be able to recognize and know one another fairly well through repeated social encounters and exchanges. Otherwise, it would have been impossible to seek repayment for a favor or even retaliate for a misdeed (Ridley 1997: 69–70). As it turns out, the evolutionary anthropologist Robin Dunbar has identified the natural human group size as between 125 and 150 (Winston 2003: 321).
It does seem that war or the threat of war was on balance, the prime reason for human groups to coalesce into ever-greater degrees of organic solidarity. Recent research suggests that climatic changes during the Late Pleistocene forced once-isolated hunter-gatherer bands into much closer contact, increasing the opportunities for conflict (Nowak 2011: 90). ” More precisely, structural pressures such as trade and far more potently war tend to generate what is known as a looping effect that gives coherent shape and substance to relatively inchoate notions of groupishness held by a human social collective embedded within a particular historical and sociopolitical context.