By Zaki Ergas
In the 1st twenty-five years of African independence the behaviour of the African nation elites has now not been, with a couple of outstanding exceptions, conducive to self-sustained improvement. What are the explanations for this sorry situation? What should be performed to opposite that unlucky development? those are the 2 overarching questions with which this publication makes an attempt to grapple.
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Explicit acceptance or rejection of the designation 'socialist', for example, may serve to justify an intimate relationship with an outside donor much more than provide guidance about internal political and economic institutions. 22 Outside observers - perhaps more than internal populations - have also been impressed by the ideological labels assumed by African political leaders for their governments or their movements. It is sometimes tempting to treat a concern for ideology as mainly an imposition of global concerns.
19 Assessment', Canadian Journal of African Studies 18, 1 (January 1984): 163--93. D. Rothchild, 'Hegemonial Exchange: An Alternative Model for Managing Conflict in Middle Africa', in D. L. Thompson and D. : Lynne Rienner, 1986). Ideology in Africa has a large rhetorical content. There may be a big gap between the official discourse (which may be socialist) and the social reality (which often is based on patrimonial exploitation). For a socialist ideology to take root in society it must be seen as pursued by committed ruling elites which are able to achieve results.
What content in practice, other than elite demands, is there for 'authenticity' in Zaire, or 'humanism' in Zambia, or 'ujamaa' in Tanzania today? Few persons would now claim that these forensic doctrines do a great deal to overcome 'the dissonance of a pluralism of cultures or a pluralist environment'29 or that they have animated development policies as they have been practised. The great distance between forensic doctrines and the beliefs of ordinary people in Africa is illustrated by the occasional studies of the interpretations of political ideology among political party members.