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By Michael C. Jackson
The writer completely describes and analyzes the main major structures methodologies-`organizations as systems,' challenging, tender, cybernetic, and critical-and demonstrates the complementary strengths of other platforms approaches.
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Additional info for Systems Methodology for the Management Sciences
Example text
Systemic modernism, as its name suggests, is identified with the systems approach as a means of both understanding society and programming it for more effective performance. Parsons's work represents an early, optimistic phase of systemic modernism, reflecting the managed resurgence of capitalist economies after World War II and their stabilization using, particularly, the mechanism of the modem welfare state. The latest phase is found in Luhmann's highly technocratic, all-embracing, and despairing version of systems theory.
It flourished in the nationalized industries and other large centralized and hierarchical corporations. Classical operational research is modernist and Fordist to its core. No wonder, then, that it is having difficulty adjusting as large organizations are de- Theoretical Considerations 37 centralized and even broken up into autonomous units, and in a world where consumption rather than production is dominant (and so marketing, and the superficialities of packaging and appearance, are all-important).
Only with the achievement of communicative competence can the power for domination inherent in instrumental reason be made subject to full public control. I have begun this discussion of the background social theory necessary to understand systems methodologies at quite a high level of generality-with Habermas's sociological theorizing. Nevertheless, it is not difficult to see the relevance of this work both for organizations and for systems methodologies seeking to intervene in organizations and societies.