By William Niven
The cultural heritage of 20th-century Germany, extra might be than that of the other ecu nation, was once decisively stimulated by means of political forces and advancements. This quantity of essays specializes in the connection among German politics and tradition, that is most blatant in terms of the 3rd Reich and the German Democratic Republic, the place the one-party keep an eye on of all components of existence was once prolonged to the humanities; those have been anticipated to comply to the beliefs of the day. however the dating among politics and the humanities has now not continuously been one only of coercion, censorship, collusion, and opportunism. Many writers greeted the 1st international struggle with particularly voluntary enthusiasm; others conjured up the nationwide Socialist revolution in extreme Expressionist pictures lengthy earlier than 1933. The GDR used to be heralded by way of writers getting back from Nazi exile because the anti-fascist solution to the 3rd Reich. And in West Germany, politics didn't dictate inventive norms, nor was once it greeted with any nice enthusiasm between intellectuals, yet writers did are likely to best friend themselves with specific events. To an quantity, the pre-1990 literary institution within the Federal Republic was once ruled by way of a left-liberal consensus that German department used to be the simply punishment for Auschwitz. United Germany begun its lifestyles with a fierce literary debate in 1990-92, with top literary critics arguing that East and West German literature had primarily shored up the political order within the international locations. Now a brand new literature was once required, one who used to be freed from ideology, intensely subjective and experimental in its aesthetic. In 1998, the writer Martin Walser known as for an finish to the author's position as "conscience of the kingdom" and for the best to subjective event. this can be the 1st e-book to ascertain this significant courting among politics and tradition in Germany.William Niven and James Jordan are readers in German on the collage of Nottingham Trent.
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Extra resources for Politics and Culture in Twentieth-Century Germany (Studies in German Literature Linguistics and Culture)
Example text
The beginning of the century is also the time when a new intellectual sensitivity was awakened and new concepts of culture were being formed, gained from the unsettling, often unnerving, but always stimulating experience of life in the city. Simmel’s book Philosophische Kultur, a 34 E FRITZ WEFELMEYER collection of essays, is a point in case. This collection, which appeared in 1911, reveals a sharp mind and a keen observer highly sensitive to city life in all its forms. Simmel’s interests were indeed broad: he wrote on high and popular culture in all their varieties, from Michelangelo and Rodin, eating habits and life styles, adventure and travel, prostitution and money, to adornment and fashion, gender relationships, and everyday 10 items of use.
For them, the city was the epitome of alienation and decadence. Urban growth and expansion not only bring the old village extra muros into the city itself, they also change fundamentally the relationship between city and environment as village economy and labor become modernized. Around the turn of the century there was already a reality of experience that may be interpreted as follows at the end of the twentieth century: The mode of village life, which had been formative for all cultures from the neolithic period until well into the nineteenth century, survives only in imitation form in developed countries.
Goethe saw nature as culture’s primordial image and model. For him the development of culture should be inspired by the experience of nature. Genius was a bridge between nature and culture in that it created the latter according to the rules of the former (1967: 365–547). However, this view of nature was abandoned during the course of the nineteenth century. It resurfaced, albeit in a greatly modified form, in the evolutionary theories of Darwin and Theodor Haeckel. In his Weltgeschichtliche Betrachtungen Burckhardt talks of a break between nature and history.