By Cassandra R. Veney
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Additional resources for Forced Migration in Eastern Africa: Democratization, Structural Adjustment, and Refugees
Example text
When Nimeiri’s military dictatorship was replaced in 1986 by the civilian government of Sadiq al-Mahdi, leader of the moderate Islamic Ummah Party, it appeared that the war, which continued, might deescalate. But it was not to be. Al-Madhi’s government was overthrown in a military coup Wars and Rumors of War ● 39 in 1989. The new military regime led by Omar Hassan al-Bashir was supported by influential Muslim clerics who saw the opportunity to entrench shari’a. The fighting between the government and the SPLA intensified and took on a new turn and tone—Sudan was now an Islamic state and not just the south, but the entire country was subject to the strictures of the new dispensation.
By 1990, clan and subclan rivalries were out in the open as people retreated to the 26 ● Forced Migration in Eastern Africa safety of clan and kinship bonds. The national army itself was in disarray as it collapsed along subclan lines. This made it easier for opposition groups, formed along clan lines, to organize and overthrow Barre. In the meantime, the country’s economy was experiencing a number of severe problems. A disproportionate amount of the national budget was earmarked for the military in an attempt to ensure regime survival.
Lyons and Samatar 1995). The result was a breakdown in all civil authority in the country. The anarchy and chaos that followed led thousands to flee south to Kenya and many more were internally displaced. S. Committee for Refugees (USCR) reported “by late 1992, some 300,000 to 500,000 persons had died due to violence, famine, and disease, including half of all children under age 5, according to estimates by the UN and the International Committee for the Red Cross. . One million Somalis fled the country, and two million became displaced within Somalia” (USCR 1994, 66).