By Angel Adams Parham
American routes' offers a comparative and old research of the migration and integration of white and loose black refugees from 19th century St. Domingue/Haiti to Louisiana and follows the growth in their descendants over the process 200 years. The refugees bolstered Louisiana's tri-racial process and driven again the growth of Anglo-American racialization by way of a number of a long time. yet over the Read more...
summary: American routes' presents a comparative and old research of the migration and integration of white and loose black refugees from 19th century St. Domingue/Haiti to Louisiana and follows the development in their descendants over the process 200 years. The refugees strengthened Louisiana's tri-racial process and driven again the growth of Anglo-American racialization via a number of many years. yet over the process the 19th century, the ascendance of the Anglo-American racial method started to eclipse Louisiana's tri-racial Latin/Caribbean approach. the end result was once a racial palimpsest that reworked daily life in southern Louisiana. White refugees and their descendants in Creole Louisiana succumbed to strain to undertake a strict definition of whiteness as purity that conformed to criteria of the Anglo-American racial method. these of colour, despite the fact that, hung on to the common sense of the tri-racial approach which allowed them to inhabit an middleman racial staff that supplied a buffer opposed to the worst results of Jim Crow segregation. The St. Domingue/Haiti migration case foreshadows the reviews of present-day immigrants of colour from Latin- the United States and the Caribbean, lots of whom chafe opposed to the strictures of the binary U.S. racial process and withstand via refusing to be labeled as both black or white. The St. Domingue/Haiti case research is the 1st of its sort to check the long term integration reports of white and loose black 19th century immigrants to the U.S. during this feel, it fills an important hole in reports of race and migration that have lengthy depended on the ancient adventure of eu immigrants because the ordinary to which all different immigrants are in comparison
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Additional info for American routes. Racial palimpsests and the transformation of race
Example text
Domingue refugees of color across the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. We focus on the experience of refugees and their descendants who were free people of color. Like their white counterparts, members of this group also integrated into Louisiana’s already existing Creole community. Their French-speaking, Catholic background and free status contrasted greatly with that of Anglo- blacks who were English speaking, Protestant, and more likely to be enslaved. E. 24 We examine this group’s struggle across the nineteenth century to position themselves with respect to Anglo–African Americans.
In Chapter 6, we compare the contemporary experience of white Creoles to that of Creoles of African descent. Whereas Creoles of color were slower than whites to adopt an Anglo-American approach to race, changing conceptions of blackness during and after the Civil Rights and Black Power movements challenged Creole identity and made it more difficult for some Creoles of color to see themselves as distinct from other black Americans. This changing political landscape also led many Creoles of color to take a more critical stance toward issues of color, class, and inequality within black communities in the United States, and to identify themselves as black.
As we reflect on the different experiences of white and black St. Domingue/Haiti descendants and consider the ways current immigrants’ 18 ( 18 ) American Routes experiences mirror them, the discussion reaffirms the importance of resuscitating alternative historiographies of people of color and of moving away from reliance on analytical tools originally developed to make sense of the situation of European immigrants. Finally, after considering the implications of the book for the ways we study immigration, we conclude by drawing some practical lessons for working toward greater racial equality within areas characterized by layered racial systems that contain alternative social and political logics.