By James E. Mark, Burak Erman, Mike Roland
The third version of The technology and expertise of Rubber offers a extensive survey of elastomers with detailed emphasis on fabrics with a rubber-like elasticity. As within the 2d variation, the emphasis is still on a unified therapy of the cloth; exploring themes from the chemical points akin to elastomer synthesis and curing, via fresh theoretical advancements and characterization of equilibrium and dynamic homes, to the ultimate purposes of rubber, together with tire engineering and production.
Many advances were made in polymer and elastomers examine over the last ten years because the second variation was once released. up-to-date fabric stresses the continual courting among the continuing study in synthesis, physics, constitution and mechanics of rubber know-how and commercial functions. detailed realization is paid to contemporary advances in rubber-like elasticity thought and new processing concepts for elastomers. This new version is constituted of 20% new fabric, together with a brand new bankruptcy on environmental matters and tire recycling.
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Additional resources for The Science and Technology of Rubber
Example text
When a thin bonded block is subjected to tensile loading, a state of approximately equal triaxial tension is set up in the central region of the block. The magnitude of the stress in each direction is given by the tensile stress, or negative pressure, σ2 at r = 0; that is, Eea 2 /h 2 , from Eq. 32). Under this outwardly directed tension a small cavity in the central region of the block will expand indefinitely at a critical value of the tension, of about 5E/6. , rupture) at a critical tensile strain ec , given approximately by ec = 5h 2 /6a 2 and at a corresponding critical value of the applied tensile load, obtained by substituting this value of e in Eq.
Thus, if p represents the fraction of end groups consumed at any given time, then the number-average number of units per chain (X n ) is given by 1/(1 − p). 5) where Mn is the number-average molecular weight of the polymer and Mo is the molecular weight of a chain-repeating unit. The consequences of this simple relationship are profound. For example, when 50% of the functional CHAPTER | 2 Polymerization: Elastomer Synthesis 33 groups have reacted, the number-average degree of polymerization is only 2.
21) where p is the probability of propagation and 1 − p is the probability of termination (by disproportionation or transfer). This expression is, of course, identical to Eq. 6), except for the different significance of the term p. Unlike Eq. 6), however, it expresses only the instantaneous chain length for an increment of polymer, not the cumulative value for the total polymer obtained. From Eq. 22) as p must always be close to unity for high polymers. Hence it follows again that X w /X n = 2.