The Routledge Dictionary of Anthropologists by Gerald Gaillard

By Gerald Gaillard

This certain and finished consultant offers biographical info at the such a lot influential and important figures in international anthropology from the delivery of the self-discipline within the 19th century to the current day.

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He suggests that the principle of separating spirit from flesh, image from reality, introduces a duality which is resolved by the notion of the soul understood as a phantasmagorical double, as a universal human reaction to such phenomena as death, dreams, visions and mirror images. ‘Savages’, who are as imaginative as children, are unable to distinguish clearly between the real and the imaginary. Tylor gives such beliefs definition by adopting the term ‘animism’ from Stahl, who used it specifically to mean the identification of the cognizant soul with the vital principle, and to indicate that man is immersed in nature ‘animated’ by supernatural forces and beings which he must win over.

This is followed by the cult of spirits, known as fetishism, before souls are ascribed to objects (idolatry). With polytheism, and before the appearance of monotheism, naturally occurring phenomena become spirits of nature. Tylor’s evolutionism involved him in controversy with supporters of the clergy, who saw an unbridgeable gap between primitive religions and the religion of civilized man. Such was the success of Primitive Culture 18 The nineteenth century and the evolutionists that Tylor, not yet forty, was elected as a member of the Royal Society, and in 1875 he was granted an honorary degree by Oxford University.

Their hopes were soon dashed and they returned to England, but Howitt himself stayed behind in Australia, where he turned herdsman and then explorer. He was appointed by the government to lead an operation to rescue a geographical mission lost in the desert, but found only a single survivor who had been picked up by Aborigines. His admiration for their ability to survive in an environment in which civilized men were doomed to perish led him to begin studying the Aborigines. The authorities made him an administrative commissioner working with the Kurnai, and during this period he read Fison’s works and met Fison himself.

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