By Krister Holmberg, Bo Jönsson, Bengt Kronberg, Björn Lindman
Many commercial formulations corresponding to detergents, paints, meals and cosmetics include either surfactants and polymers and their interplay govern a number of the houses. This ebook is exclusive in that it discusses the answer chemistry of either surfactants and polymers and likewise the interactions among the 2. The ebook, that is in accordance with profitable classes given by means of the authors considering 1992, is a revised and prolonged model of the 1st version that turned a industry luck with six reprints when you consider that 1998. Surfactants and Polymers in Aqueous answer is extensive in scope, supplying either theoretical insights and sensible aid for these energetic within the zone. This ebook encompasses a thorough dialogue of surfactant varieties and provides info of major routes of training. A bankruptcy on novel surfactants has been integrated within the new version. Physicochemical phenomena equivalent to self-assembly in resolution, adsorption, gel formation and foaming are mentioned intimately. specific awareness is paid to the answer behaviour of surfactants and polymers containing polyoxyethylene chains. floor lively polymers are offered and their interplay with surfactants is a center subject of the ebook. Protein-surfactant interplay is usually very important and a brand new bankruptcy offers with this factor. Microemulsions are taken care of extensive and several other very important program comparable to detergency and their use as media for chemical reactions are provided. Emulsions and the alternative of emulsifier is mentioned in a few element. the recent variation additionally includes chapters on rheology and wetting. Surfactants and Polymers in Aqueous resolution is geared toward these facing floor chemistry examine at universities and with surfactant formula in undefined.
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Sample text
As we will see, CMC is not an exactly deWned quantity, which causes diYculties in its determination. For long-chain amphiphiles, an accurate determination is straightforward and diVerent techniques give the same results. However, for short-chain, weakly associating, amphiphiles this is not the case and great care must be taken not only in the measurements but also in evaluating the CMC from experimental data. 3 a similar list for some non-ionic surfactants is presented. 3 List of CMC values for non-ionic surfactants Surfactant C6 E3 C8 E4 C8 E5 C8 E6 C10 E5 C10 E6 C10 E8 C12 E5 C12 E6 C12 E7 C12 E8 C14 E8 C16 E9 C16 E12 C16 E21 C8 fE9 C8 fE10 C12 NO b-dÀC8 glucoside b-dÀC10 glucoside b-dÀC12 glucoside CMC (mM) 10 Â 104 8:5 Â 103 9:2 Â 103 9:9 Â 103 9:0 Â 102 9:5 Â 102 10 Â 102 6:5 Â 10 6:8 Â 10 6:9 Â 10 7:1 Â 10 9:0 Â 10 2:1 Â 10 2:3 Â 10 3:9 Â 10 3:4 Â 102 3:4 Â 102 2:2 Â 103 2:5 Â 104 2:2 Â 103 1:9 Â 102 From these and other data, several general remarks about the variation of the CMC with the surfactant chemical structure can be made: 1.
Krister Holmberg, Bo J¨onsson, Bengt Kronberg and Bj¨orn Lindman Copyright 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 1. Systems containing amphiphile are best classiWed into homogeneous (or single-phase) systems and heterogeneous systems of two or more phases. The single-phase systems can in turn be divided into isotropic solutions, solid phases and liquid crystalline phases. The solid crystalline phases have, as do crystals in general, both long-range and short-range order, but the degree of short-range order varies between diVerent phases.
It has been found that these values can be used as an indication of the surfactant hydrophilicity; the lower the log P value, then the higher the hydrophilicity. Values of surfactant hydrophilicity are often helpful in formulation work. A more well-known standard for the same purpose is the hydrophilic ± lipophilic balance (HLB) concept which is widely used in the selection of emulsiWers. The HLBs of surfactants are discussed in some detail in Chapter 21. e. the higher the HLB value, then the lower the log P value.