By Sarah S. Richardson
Human genomes are 99.9 percentage identical—with one sought after exception. rather than an identical pair of X chromosomes, males hold a unmarried X, coupled with a tiny chromosome known as the Y. monitoring the emergence of a brand new and particular mind set approximately intercourse represented by means of the unalterable, uncomplicated, and visually compelling binary of the X and Y chromosomes, intercourse Itself examines the interplay among cultural gender norms and genetic theories of intercourse from the start of the 20th century to the current, postgenomic age.
Using tools from heritage, philosophy, and gender reviews of technological know-how, Sarah S. Richardson uncovers how gender has helped to form the study practices, questions requested, theories and types, and descriptive language utilized in intercourse chromosome examine. From the earliest theories of chromosomal intercourse selection, to the mid-century speculation of the competitive XYY supermale, to the controversy approximately Y chromosome degeneration, to the new declare that female and male genomes are extra assorted than these of people and chimpanzees, Richardson indicates how cultural gender conceptions impact the genetic technology of intercourse.
Richardson indicates how sexual technological know-how of the previous keeps to resonate, in methods either sophisticated and particular, in modern study at the genetics of intercourse and gender. With the final touch of the Human Genome venture, genes and chromosomes are relocating to the heart of the biology of intercourse. intercourse Itself deals a compelling argument for the significance of ongoing severe discussion on how cultural conceptions of gender function in the technological know-how of intercourse.
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Example text
Wilson wrote, “this question has been complicated in a most unfortunate way by The Odd Chromosomes 35 errors in counting the spermatogonial chromosomes. . Regarding the forms that possess an accessory or heterotropic [X] chromosome the existing accounts are . . ”47 Weird animals also proved to be theory wreckers. “Parthenogenesis” is the occurrence of occasional asexual reproduction in sexual species. Aphids alternate between parthenogenesis and sexual reproduction, and Stevens, Morgan, and Wilson invested considerable resources to test the sex chromosome theory against this phenomenon.
33 While Wilson and Stevens both insisted on the significance of the odd chromosomes for the theory of heredity, they parted ways on whether chromosomal sex determination could be brought in line with Mendelian genetics. 34 He believed that sex was determined quantitatively. Sex was a whole-chromosome effect: one X kept things tilted toward maleness, while two X’s pushed the balance in favor of femaleness. As we shall shortly see, Wilson’s view was the most favorably received at the time. Stevens was a staunch Mendelian who saw sex as determined by unit characters: a factor or factors on a chromosome rather than by the whole chromosome.
Of special importance was the study of gametes—particularly the plentiful and easy-to-obtain spermatozoa. By the late nineteenth century, improved microscope lenses and tissue-staining techniques allowed researchers to see nuclear bodies within the cell. Scientists could now observe the process of cell division The Odd Chromosomes 27 in somatic cells (mitosis) and gametes (meiosis). The German cytologist Walther Flemming described and named the process of mitosis in 1878. ”14 Experimental studies in the 1880s confirmed that the hereditary material must be located in the cell nucleus.