By Gottfried Ehrenstein, Sonja Pongratz
A polymeric material's resistance to diversified environmental or processing comparable impacts determines its suitability in any variety of purposes. trustworthy details and function predictions impact fabric choice. They take numerous impacts under consideration, between them resin manufacture, compounding, stabilization, processing, half layout and finish use. This ebook relies at the evaluate of greater than 1,200 literature assets and represents a accomplished review of the present knowledge concerning the balance and resistance of thermoplastics, thermosets, elastomers in addition to the main widespread reinforcements and ingredients. large tables record fabric resistance to given media, facilitating applicable fabric choice or stabilization for a given program.
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Additional info for Resistance and Stability of Polymers
Sample text
PF resins, especially those containing novolacs, turn brown under UV light and can change color during curing. Therefore, they are manufactured in dark, muted color shades. ). 3 Unsaturaded Polyesters (UP Resins) Most unsaturated polyester resins (UP resins) are colorless to slightly yellowish solutions in reactive solvents that are curable both at room temperature as well as under heat without releasing volatile byproducts. During curing, reaction heat is released and the volume decreases by 5 to 9 %.
As the molecules become more densely packed, this may result in shrinking and/or warping with crack formation [22]. 2 Relaxation of Orientations Flow processes during manufacturing cause the macromolecules and fillers to orient in the direction of flow, especially during the filling phase in injection molding. Simultaneously, entropy elastic restitution causes relaxation processes. Orientation relaxation in solid plastics takes place at elevated temperatures (T > Tg) and is always accompanied by shrinkage phenomena, leading to warping and crack formation in the part [23].
The median molar mass of liquid resoles is approx. 300, that of solid resoles approx. 400 to 600 g/mol [5]. Phenol and formaldehyde are crosslinked to form novolacs or resoles via a polycondensation reaction. During the reaction cleavage products, such as water or ammonia are released. Although the reaction is exothermic, the endothermic evaporation of water (condensation product, viscosity reduction of liquid resoles) may cause a cooling effect. However, the entire heat-initiated curing process is an exothermic process that requires significant cooling.