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Extra resources for Public Opinion and Internationalized Governance (Beliefs in Government , Vol 2)
Sample text
In addition, Easton distinguishes between diffuse and specific support. Diffuse support denotes a generalized evaluation, whereas specific support means an output-directed evaluation. In his 1975 re-assessment of the concept, Easton illustrates the distinction between the two modes: ‘the uniqueness of specific support lies in its relationship to the satisfactions that members of a system feel they obtain from the perceived outputs and performance of the political authorities’, whereas diffuse support ‘refers to the evaluation of what an object is or represents—to the general meaning it has for a person—not of what it does’ (Easton 1975: 437, 444).
This model, too, is restricted to the support dimension of orientations towards political systems. In contrast to Easton, however, it extends the utilitarian mode of support to all objects. The distinction between systemic and identitive support seems, at first sight, to be an improvement. However, in Easton's concept, horizontal interactions are included in orientations towards the political community in so far as they are political. His notion of political community comprises not only the territorial but also the personal element; the latter includes the individual's own identities and orientations towards other members of the political community.
Finally, adopting Converse's (1964) concept of constraint, Almond states that political cultures may be distinguished according to the relatedness of their components. This is an important new aspect, although Almond seems to use Converse's concept in a broader sense to include not only the relationship between orientations towards different objects but also the relationship between the three components—or dimensions—of an orientation towards one and the same object. The second main approach to classifying orientations towards political systems is drawn from Easton's (1965, 1975a) systems analysis.