By K.J. Saunders
This e-book bargains with the natural chemistry of polymers which locate technological use as adhesives, fibres, paints, plastics and rubbers. For the main half, merely polymers that are of business importance are thought of and the first target of the e-book is to narrate theoretical elements to commercial perform. The booklet is principally meant to be used by means of scholars in technical associations and universities who're focusing on polymer technology and via graduates who require an advent to this box. numerous very good books have lately seemed facing the actual chemistry of polymers however the natural chemistry of polymers has no longer bought rather a lot awareness. In reputation of this case and as the features of polymer chemistry are frequently taught individually, this ebook offers particularly with natural chemistry and themes of actual chemistry were passed over. additionally, during this means the publication has been stored to a cheap measurement. this isn't to assert that integration of the 2 parts of polymer technology is bad; to the contrary, it truly is of the maximum significance that the inter-relationship should still b~ preferred. I desire to list my due to my colleagues with whom i've got had many useful discussions, fairly Mrs S. L. Radchenko. I additionally thank leave out E. Friesen for acquiring many books and articles on my behalf and Mr H. Harms for encouragement and advice. i'm additionally thankful to Mrs M. Stevens who skilfully ready the manuscript. division of Chemical and Metallurgical know-how, Ryerson Polytechnical Institute, ok. J. S.
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Additional info for Organic Polymer Chemistry: An Introduction to the Organic Chemistry of Adhesives, Fibres, Paints, Plastics, and Rubbers
Example text
In some refmeries, particularly in Europe, petroleum fractions in the naphtha to gas oil range are converted to olefms by thermal cracking rather than to gasoline by reforming and catalytic cracking. A further source of olefms is provided by natural gas. The composition of natural gas· varies widely according to source, but the principal component is invariably methane (60-99%), the remainder being C2 _ 5 paraffins, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and, in some cases, sulphur compounds. Only the so-called 47 POL YOLEFINS 'wet' gases, which contain substantial proportions of C2 _ 5 paraffins, are suitable for the production of olefins.
It may be noted that these comments regarding functionality are, in essence, applicable to polymerization through multiple bonds if each multiple bond is regarded as being difunctional. Thus vinyl compounds, conjugated dienes (where normally only one double bond is involved) and carbonyl compounds are designated as difunctional. As has been seen these monomers give rise to essentially linear polymers (although subsequent transfer reactions may lead to some branching). Likewise, cyclic monomers are regarded as difunctional.
In some cases, free radical polymerization results in polymers which are largely syndiotactic; examples of monomers which behave in this way are chlorotrifluoroethylene, methyl methacrylate and vinyl acetate. More commonly, however, highly tactic 40 ORGANIC POLYMER CHEMISTRY polymers are prepared by means of ionic polymerizations. Most of the common vinyl polymers have been obtained in isotactic and syndiotactic forms by the use of ionic initiators, particularly lithium alkyls and Ziegler-Natta catalysts.