By Eitan Altman, Tania Jiménez
NS-2 is an open-source discrete occasion community simulator that is regularly occurring by means of either the examine neighborhood in addition to by means of the folks concerned with the standardization protocols of IETF. The aim of this e-book is twofold: on one hand to profit how you can use the NS-2 simulator, and however, to turn into accustomed to and to appreciate the operation of a few of the simulated gadgets utilizing NS-2 simulations. The publication is meant to aid scholars, engineers or researchers who don't need to have a lot historical past in programming or who are looking to study via uncomplicated examples the way to examine a few simulated items utilizing NS-2. Simulations may well fluctuate from one another in lots of facets: the purposes, topologies, parameters of community items (links, nodes) and protocols used, and so forth. the 1st bankruptcy is a basic advent to the publication, the place the significance of NS-2 as a device for a very good comprehension of networks and protocols is acknowledged. within the subsequent chapters we current certain issues as TCP, purple, etc., utilizing NS-2 as a device for larger knowing the protocols. we offer within the appendices a evaluate of Random Variables and self assurance durations, in addition to a primary caricature for utilizing the hot NS-3 simulator. desk of Contents: advent / NS-2 Simulator Preliminaries / how you can paintings with hint records / Description and simulation of TCP/IP / Routing and community dynamics / pink: Random Early Discard / Differentiated providers / cellular Networks and instant neighborhood sector Networks / Classical queueing types / Tcl and C++ linkage
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It can be used in many OSs without changing the code. • Maintaining and debugging of Perl scripts are simpler than programs in other specific languages. • Perl is very popular, so there exist many of gnu scripts on the web. We present in this Section some useful Perl scripts. 1 computes dynamically the throughput of TCP connections. The program averages the throughput over periods defined by a parameter called “granularity". tr), the node at which we wish to check the throughput of TCP, and the granularity.
How do we know that a packet is lost? What information does the ACK carry along? The ACK tells the source what is the sequence number of the packet it expects. This is illustrated by the following example. ,6 have reached the destination (in order). When packet 6 arrives, the destination sends an ACK to say it expects packet number 7. If packet 7 arrives, the destination requests number 8. Suppose packet 8 is lost and packet 9 arrives well. At that time, the destination sends an ACK called “repeated ACK" as it tells the source that it awaits packet 8.
Also, sometimes this does not work with the xgraph that arrives with the whole NS-2 single package, and it can then be downloaded and installed separately). Note that it allows to create postscript, Tgif files, and others, by clicking on the button “Hdcpy". It can be invoked within the tcl command which thus results in an immediate display at the end of the simulation. As input, the xgraph command expects one or more ascii files containing each x − y data point pair perl line. For example, xgraph f1 f2 will print on the same figure the files f1 and f2.