By Ann E. Hajek
I am approximately to begin a PhD during this box, and this can be a nice ebook to provide me a headstart at the heritage and way forward for organic keep an eye on
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Additional info for Natural Enemies: An Introduction to Biological Control
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The second type of approach, use of plant pathogens as bioherbicides for mass application and more immediate weed control, began around 1971. , 1999). Research and development of plant pathogens as bioherbicides is an active field today. 3 Controlling plant pathogens and plant parasitic nematodes Biological control of plant pathogens got its start much later. Because this field is based totally on microorganisms, more technically advanced techniques were required for its growth. The first biological control strategy that was used extensively against arthropods, classical biological control, was not appropriate against plant pathogens.
Lumsden, R. D. & Vaughn, J. L. (eds). Pest Management: Biologically Based Technologies. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1993. , Ehler, L. E. & Roland, J. (eds). Critical Issues in Biological Control. Andover, UK: Intercept, 1990. Mukerji, K. G. & Garg, K. L. (eds). Biocontrol of Plant Diseases, 2 vols. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1988. , Messenger, P. S. & Gutierrez, A. P. An Introduction to Biological Control. New York: Plenum Press, 1982. Van Driesche, R. G. & Bellows, T. , Jr. Biological Control.
Because eradication programs are usually focused on rapid action, slower-acting types of biological control are certainly not appropriate. Eradication campaigns usually employ fast-acting and lethal pest control agents. While chemical pesticides are usually the main types of control used, in several recent examples natural enemies were used because the pests targeted for eradication occurred in urban areas. Repeated aerial sprays of the insect pathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis were used in British Columbia, Canada, to eradicate the Asian gypsy moth (Lymantra dispar, Asian strain) in 1992 and in Auckland, New Zealand, to eradicate the white-spotted tussock moth, Orgyia thyellina, in 1996--98 and the painted apple moth, Teia anartoides, beginning in 2002.