By Dennis E. Shasha, Cathy Lazere
Reports from the innovative, the place physics and biology are altering the elemental assumptions of computing.
Computers equipped from DNA, micro organism, or foam. Robots that repair themselves on Mars. Bridges that file once they are getting older. this can be the weird and interesting international of Natural Computing. computing device scientist and Scientific American’s “Puzzling Adventures” columnist Dennis Shasha right here groups up with journalist Cathy Lazere to discover the outer reaches of computing. Drawing on interviews with fifteen prime scientists, the authors current an unforeseen imaginative and prescient: the way forward for computing is a synthesis with nature. That imaginative and prescient will switch not just computing device technological know-how but additionally fields as disparate as finance, engineering, and drugs. house engineers are at paintings designing machines that adapt to severe climate and radiation. “Wetware” processing equipped on DNA or bacterial cells races towards fact. One scientist’s “extended analog computer” measures solutions rather than calculating them utilizing ones and zeros. In energetic, readable prose, Shasha and Lazere take readers on a journey of the way forward for clever machines. 50 illustrations
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Extra resources for Natural Computing: DNA, Quantum Bits, and the Future of Smart Machines
Sample text
Mitosis then ensures that one chromatid from each replicated chromosome passes into each new cell. Another genetically important result of the cell cycle is that each of the cells produced contains a full complement of chromosomes—there is no net reduction or increase in chromosome number. Each cell also contains approximately half the cytoplasm and organelle content of the original parental cell, but no precise mechanism analogous to mitosis ensures that organelles are evenly divided. Consequently, not all cells resulting from the cell cycle are identical in their cytoplasmic content.
Cytokinesis Interphase: cell growth G0 G1/S checkpoint 3 After the G1/S checkpoint, the cell is committed to dividing. 7 The cell cycle consists of interphase and M phase. a cell has divided and produced two new cells. Each new cell metabolizes, grows, and develops. At the end of its cycle, the cell divides to produce two cells, which can then undergo additional cell cycles. Progression through the cell cycle is regulated at key transition points called checkpoints. The cell cycle consists of two major phases.
Because eukaryotes possess multiple chromosomes, mechanisms exist to ensure that each new cell receives one copy of each chromosome. Most eukaryotic cells are diploid, and their two chromosome sets can be arranged in homologous pairs. Haploid cells contain a single set of chromosomes. ✔ Concept Check 2 Diploid cells have a. two chromosomes. b. two sets of chromosomes. c. one set of chromosomes. d. two pairs of homologous chromosomes. Chromosome structure The chromosomes of eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex than those found in prokaryotes, but each unreplicated chromosome nevertheless consists of a single molecule of DNA.