By David M. Harland
In 'Paving the way in which for Apollo 11' David Harland explains the entice of the Moon to classical philosophers, astronomers, and geologists, and the way NASA got down to examine the Moon in training for a manned lunar touchdown project. It focuses quite at the Lunar Orbiter and Surveyor missions.
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Extra resources for NASA's Moon Program: Paving the Way for Apollo 11
Example text
Proctor published The Moon. Although this book was largely devoted to the motions of the Moon, he revived the idea that the craters marked impacts. But when the second edition of the book was issued in 1878 this section had been deleted. What puzzled the nineteenth century proponents of the impact hypothesis was that the lunar 1 Like Herschel and SchroÈter, von Gruithuisen believed the Moon to be inhabited, and after using a small telescope he reported in 1824 his discovery of a city in the equatorial zone near the meridian; but this was later shown to be merely a group of shallow ridges that were visible only when the Sun was low on the local horizon.
Baldwin (as had Gilbert) believed all the maria to have been formed at the same time and to be associated with Imbrium, which at that time was presumed to have been the greatest impact in lunar history. However, whereas Gilbert envisaged the Imbrium impact splashing out liquid ejecta which pooled in low-lying areas to form the various maria, Baldwin saw there had been a significant interval between the formation of the Imbrium cavity and its being filled in. He proposed that the impact raised a vast dome which remained inflated for long enough to be cratered (for example by Archimedes), then collapsed (forming a system of peripheral arcuate faults) and released a pulse of extremely low viscosity lava that not only filled in the cavity but also burst through the containing walls to spread across the surface and fill in other cavities to create the maria.
This was dubbed the `cold Moon' hypothesis. In 1954 Gerard Kuiper proposed that the Earth and Moon formed simultaneously in a common envelope within the solar nebula, and soon became gravitationally bound. He said the preponderance of craters was due to the Moon sweeping up all the debris in the neighbourhood. As the Moon's mass is relatively large as a ratio of its primary, this made the Earth and its Moon essentially a `double planet'. Nevertheless, as the space age dawned the origin of the Moon and the state of its interior were contested.