By National Academy of Sciences (U.S.)
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Sample text
The transistor grew from a perceived need, followed by basic research. The float-glass process was developed originally without benefit of basic research. Vulcanized tires were in use long before molecular networks became accessible to study, but the research that came later has made vulcanization a much more effective process. Role of molecular networks in determining the properties of rubber. Orientation of macromolecular chains. Spectroscopy of impurities in crystalline hosts. Basic Research Material or Process Examples of Applications About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files.
The academic structure—promotion policies, funding mechanisms, peer-group recognition—tends to be geared to the individual investigator, working primarily in a single discipline. The fostering of interdisciplinary academic programs in materials, in fact, was one of the goals of the 17 interdisciplinary laboratories established at universities in the early 1960’s and funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency, the Atomic Energy Commission, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (see page 37).
Various approaches to the problem were examined and abandoned. The search narrowed eventually to solid materials, where a few scientists settled on a hunch that the answer lay in semiconductors. To move from the hunch to the transistor, however, required intensive basic research on the behavior of semiconducting materials. It required also the semiempirical development of zone refining and other techniques to make virtually perfect single crystals of silicon of unprecedented purity. This close linkage of knowledge to function is characteristic of the achievements of materials science and engineering.