By Craig A. Parsons, Timothy M. Smeeding
A brand new form of old transformation is underway in twenty-first-century Europe. Twentieth-century Europeans have been no strangers to social, financial and political switch, yet their significant demanding situations concentrated normally at the intra-European building of sturdy, filthy rich, capitalist democracies. this present day, against this, one of many significant demanding situations is flows throughout borders - and especially in-flows of non-European humans. Immigration and minority integration continually occupy the headlines. the problems which rival immigration - unemployment, crime, terrorism - are usually awarded by means of politicians as its destructive secondary results. Immigration can also be in detail hooked up to the profound demanding situations of demographic switch, fiscal development and welfare-state reform. either educational observers and the eu public are more and more confident that Europe's destiny will principally activate how is admits and integrates non-Europeans. This publication is a accomplished stock-taking of the modern scenario and its coverage implications.
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Extra info for Immigration and the Transformation of Europe
Sample text
Naturalization was basically limited to immigrants of German ancestry. Thus, Russified Germans of the Volga region – speaking no German but claiming German ancestry – could easily obtain citizenship after decades of living in the former Soviet Union, whereas third-generation Turkish immigrants remained foreigners. ” Some progressive European politicians may argue that immigrants are beneficial, or that they should be welcomed in the name of human rights and decency, but they do not argue that new immigrants are the lifeblood of their national identities.
Positions on this dilemma are difficult to fashion without extensive public debate, since the trade-off is such a complicated one. Even large-scale immigration will only lessen, not entirely resolve, the mathematical need for welfare-state reform. More importantly, as we have seen repeatedly in the chapters above, immigration brings with it much more than a younger workforce. The current challenges of minority integration already rock the foundations of European identities, and greater inflows will hugely magnify these issues.
Others – historically or elsewhere in the world – on transfers between these two groups. Though they vary considerably in their provisions and modes of financing, European welfare states are the most generous in the world, and most are financed by direct generational transfers (so-called “pay-as-you-go” systems, as opposed to individual-account systems in which people set aside money for their own retirement). Such transfers effectively serve as a multiplier of the impact of societal ageing; the more generous the pension system, the earlier and more dramatic the fiscal and political consequences of ageing.