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Recently, it was shown that about 10% of patients die early from cardiac rupture and that these are predominantly men. 24,25 Generally, female mice display lower mortality after MI and more efficient myocardial remodeling with less left ventricular cavity dilation than males (Fig. 26 Ion channel expression has also been implied in the beneficial effect of postMI exercise on the limitation of infarct size, which appears increasingly beneficial in female rats over time. Blood of male patients displays an increased viscosity, more red blood cell aggregation and deformability compared to women, and enhanced primary haemostatic activity,27 with increased rates of aspirin resistance.

Most important clinical consequences of hypertension are related to end-organ damage in the vasculature, kidney, heart, leading to heart failure, stroke, and renal disease. e. 179 Daytime SBP might be the best predictor of LV mass in women. 2 Sex and gender differences in clinical manifestation in cardiology Disease Myocardial infarction Coronary artery disease Hypertension Heart failure Cardiomyopathies Women • Greater diversity of symptoms, vagal activation. nausea, arm/back/jaw ache, general weakness and sweating, craniofacial pain in the absence of chest pain.

The symptoms are less well recognized in female patients, by the patients and their doctors, leading to longer delays in help-seeking behavior, in longer prehospital times, in longer doorto-needle times. Some factors for delay are age, type of MI, absence of knowledge about thrombolytics, or not wanting to trouble others; others were perception of MI as a “male” problem,16 tendency to self-medicate16 associated with lack of recognition of symptoms. Sex Man Women 20 10 0 ≤40 41–50 51–60 61–70 Age in years 71–80 81–90 Fig.