By Clifford Edmund Bosworth
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Dan). As far as is known, the town of Algiers was placed directly under the authority of the head of government. The judicial system was administered by two qÊÓÒs, one from the ÆanafÒ school for the Turks, the other from the MÊlikÒ school for the Arabs. They worked together with a tribunal of rabbis and consuls representing the Jewish and Christian minorities. The police-force was staffed by shÊwshs (Tkish. chÊ9Ösh) under the command of a bÊsh shÊwsh. There was one force to deal with the Turks, and another to deal with the Moors.
Al-MaqdisÒ, 175). Under Solomon, Amman regained its independence. , but maintained a precarious independence during the Babylonian period. ) conquered the town he renamed it Philadelphia, by which name it was known in Roman and Byzantine times. C. C. C. From him the Romans took over and rebuilt it on the standard Roman provincial plan, with theatres, temples, Forum, Nymphaeum and a main street with columns. Some of these monuments still exist. In Byzantine times Amman was the seat of the Bishopric of Philadelphia and Petra, one of the sees of Palestina Tertia under Bosra.
It was always a very mixed population; there were the Turks, mainly members of the army and administration (numbering 4,000 in 1830); the Kulughlis (Turkish Kuloghlu, cf. the AwlÊd al-NÊs in Egypt), offspring of Turks and the indigenous women of that region, and held in disdain by the Turks; old families with long roots in the past, often of Andalusian or Moorish origin, forming the bulk of the commercial and artisan classes; the numerous Kabyles, forming the labouring class; Saharans from Biskra and MzÊb; Jews (4,000 in 1830), the richest of whom had come from Leghorn in the 18th century, and enjoyed the privileges of Europeans; some European businessmen and consuls; Ànally, those taken prisoner from the Christians, numbering as many as 25,000 in 1634 (P.