By Benjamin A. Pierce
Creation to genetics -- Chromosomes and mobile copy -- easy rules of heredity -- Extensions and alterations of simple ideas -- Linkage, recombination, and eukaryotic gene mapping -- Bacterial and viral genetic structures -- Chromosome version -- DNA: the chemical nature of the gene -- DNA replication and recombination -- From DNA to proteins: transcription and RNA processing -- From DNA to proteins: translation -- keep watch over of gene expression -- Gene mutations, transposable parts, and DNA fix -- Molecular genetic research, biotechnology, and genomics -- melanoma genetics -- Quantitative genetics -- inhabitants and evolutionary genetics
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Sample text
Mitosis then ensures that one chromatid from each replicated chromosome passes into each new cell. Another genetically important result of the cell cycle is that each of the cells produced contains a full complement of chromosomes—there is no net reduction or increase in chromosome number. Each cell also contains approximately half the cytoplasm and organelle content of the original parental cell, but no precise mechanism analogous to mitosis ensures that organelles are evenly divided. Consequently, not all cells resulting from the cell cycle are identical in their cytoplasmic content.
Cytokinesis Interphase: cell growth G0 G1/S checkpoint 3 After the G1/S checkpoint, the cell is committed to dividing. 7 The cell cycle consists of interphase and M phase. a cell has divided and produced two new cells. Each new cell metabolizes, grows, and develops. At the end of its cycle, the cell divides to produce two cells, which can then undergo additional cell cycles. Progression through the cell cycle is regulated at key transition points called checkpoints. The cell cycle consists of two major phases.
Because eukaryotes possess multiple chromosomes, mechanisms exist to ensure that each new cell receives one copy of each chromosome. Most eukaryotic cells are diploid, and their two chromosome sets can be arranged in homologous pairs. Haploid cells contain a single set of chromosomes. ✔ Concept Check 2 Diploid cells have a. two chromosomes. b. two sets of chromosomes. c. one set of chromosomes. d. two pairs of homologous chromosomes. Chromosome structure The chromosomes of eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex than those found in prokaryotes, but each unreplicated chromosome nevertheless consists of a single molecule of DNA.