By D.C. Wright
A desirable perception into why polymer items fail, and the way we will be able to study from the errors of the earlier. This e-book describes many of the mechanisms of polymer degradation, and illustrates each one failure mechanism with a couple of case stories. This ebook was once written with the help of the united kingdom division of alternate and undefined. it's meant to elevate understanding of the factors and effects of polymer product disasters, in an effort to lessen the longer term incidences of such mess ups, and their enormous charges to undefined.
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Failure of Plastics and Rubber Products - Causes, Effects and Case Studies Involving Degradation
A desirable perception into why polymer items fail, and the way we will be able to study from the blunders of the earlier. This booklet describes a number of the mechanisms of polymer degradation, and illustrates each one failure mechanism with a few case experiences. This ebook used to be written with the help of the united kingdom division of exchange and undefined.
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Extra info for Failure of Plastics and Rubber Products - Causes, Effects and Case Studies Involving Degradation
Example text
These react preferentially with ozone and, as with the waxes, migration of the additive to external surfaces is essential. Antiozonants are susceptible to leaching. The pH of the contacting water has a significant influence on the durability of stabilised products. 2) the increased rate of leaching with increasing acidity was quantified for a range of antiozonants of different molecular weight and basicity. The best combination was a mixture of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N´-phenyl-pphenylenediamine (6PPD), with a molecular weight of 268, and 2,4,6-tris-(N-1,4dimethylpentyl-p-phenylenediamino)-1,3,5-triazine (TAPDT), with a molecular weight of 693.
The degradation induction time (or oxidative induction time (OIT)) is normally associated with the complete loss of effective stabilisation via a combination of: • Chemical reactions, • Leaching or exudation, 36 Thermo-oxidation • Additive precipitation. At the high temperatures of melt processing or OIT testing, depletion is dominated by chemical reactions. It has been established that for phenolic stabilised polyolefins, the rate of chemical consumption of antioxidant (AO) and therefore the rate of increase in peroxide radical concentration, is inversely proportional to the square root of the residual antioxidant concentration [5].
Phenates) also proved to be powerful but restrictions on the use of cadmium have likewise impaired their future use. The current optimum for safe stabilisation centres upon organo-tin compounds or synergistic combinations of Ca/Zn or Ba/Zn compounds plus secondary antioxidants. 1 Low density polyethylene insulation covers History Glass fibre or mineral wool jackets of the segmented type are commonly used as cheap and removable insulation for domestic water storage cylinders. The insulation is covered by a thin red polymeric film, which is typically a plasticised PVC or a low density polyethylene.