By James P. Crutchfield, Peter Schuster
This can be an overview and assessment of development in integrating evolutionary modelling and computation, molecular and developmental evolution, and nonlinear inhabitants dynamics into evolutionary thought. It brings jointly a variety of eminent researchers in evolutionary dynamics with a view to formulate a complete idea that builds on nonlinear arithmetic and physics. The textual content is split into 4 sections: macroevolution; ephochal evolution; inhabitants genetics, dynamics, and optimization; and evolution of co-operation, each one containing numerous in-depth chapters and discussions
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Extra resources for Evolutionary dynamics : exploring the interplay of selection, accident, neutrality, and function
Example text
Reciprocal translocation. 3. 1 Karyotyping It is possible for diagnostic purposes to study the chromosome structure of an individual or fetus. In most cases, this is done in a genetics laboratory by a trained cytogeneticist. The chromosome structure is not easily seen during interphase, so cells are cultured in a tissue medium so they can be studied during mitotic division. When sufficient numbers of cells are undergoing metaphase, the process is ‘frozen’ by adding an agent such as colchicine. This effectively destroys the spindle fibres and the next stage of mitosis (anaphase) is not reached.
3 Case 3: X-Linked recessive inheritance pattern Ruth has two uncles who both died with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Ruth’s mother has a 50% risk of being a carrier, she had no sons (Figure 8). Ruth’s grandmother had two copies of the gene for DMD, one is faulty, the other normal. Ruth’s mother was born at 50% risk of being a carrier. Ruth inherited only one copy of the gene from her mother, therefore her chance of being a carrier is 1 in 4 or 25%. 4 Risks estimates based on empirical data There are many situations in which the inheritance pattern is not as clear as it is in the examples given above.
When the counselor meets Jennifer, she identifies a number of areas of loss connected with the genetic condition in the family. Some of these are: ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ the loss of her father as a supportive parent; the loss of her chosen career; the loss of her confidence in her own future health; the loss of the opportunity to have a family without undue concern; the death of her father; the loss of normal sibling relationships after the diagnosis in her sister. These tools of counseling will assist the practitioner to hear the client and give them the opportunity to discuss the issues with which they are most concerned.